Nipah virus also known as category c agent and B S L 4 pathogen. It is a RNA virus. Pteropod food bats, Pteropus genus are the main carrier of this disease. N i V was first identified during an outbreak of disease that took place in Kampung Sungai Nipah,
Malaysia in 1998. For this reason it is also known as Nipah virus. On this occasion, pigs were the intermediate hosts. However, in subsequent N I V outbreaks, there were no intermediate hosts. Firstly thought by the doctors that it is Japanese encephalitis for its symptoms. 283 suspected cases are noticed between 1998 to 1999 and there was 109 deaths. In Bangladesh in 2004, humans became infected with N I V as a result of consuming date palm sap that had been contaminated by infected fruit bats. Human-to-human transmission has also been documented, including in a hospital setting in India. sporadic outbreaks of encephalitis symptoms are found. Mainly north west and western region of Bangladesh was affected. But different strain of N I V was found than one in 1999 in Malaysia. This virus actually linked closely to seasonal patterns of South East Asia in between months December to June. it‚s closely related to bat breeding season and palm sap harvesting season, there is a cultural tradition where raw dates and palm sap is actually collected in open clay pots overnight. It is usually contaminated by bat face‚s saliva and urine. It will consumed without any purification and without determine any contamination. Animals infected by this virus are usually also clinical. It develops Barking pigs syndrome and neurological symptoms and in worst cases sudden death. Acute febrile illness, Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome, Hemoptysis, uncoordinated gait are also noticed as a symptoms. In humans there is an intubation type of 5 to 14 days where patient first meet the fever, Headache, Drowsiness, some may develop acute respiratory distress in certain cases there is a latent infection where after a few week of the initial exposure they may develop encephalitis. We know that the transmission is due to the closely overlap of bat habitats and tree orchids the partially in fruits are usually contaminated by bat urine,faces and saliva and pigs have also amplifying power of this pathogen in his body. After effects if the virus will transmitted to humans it will hazard more for his own boosting. For this reason there is a chance of fatality rate of 74.5% or more. To diagnose this virus at the acute phase there will actually use transcription PCR on throat and nasal cultures and better yet cerebrospinal fluid samples, urine samples test. In the convalescent stage uses Eliza to detect specific IgG and IgM levels and in worsening cases uses Immunohistochemistry for better diagnose this disease. But all the diagnose will going to be symptoms based. Currently there is no vaccine available for humans and there is no drug to treatment for the virus. Primarily intensive supportive care is recommended. There is an antiviral drug Ribavirin but further testing is needed for input. The scope of the virus pertains to the green scribed region of South East Asia where the fruit bats actually migrate around all areas such as Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand, Bangladesh and India susceptible regions to this virus. In this region it is occurred in high risk group because of exposed of raw date and palm sap consumes with out any precaution. In hospitals during seasonal out breaks and those who are involved in care for hyper infected patients. To decrease the spread of this disease we recommended to not eat raw date and palm sap and fruit part because this virus can actually survive up to three to seven days. So when you consumes raw date and palm sap please heat the sap up above 100 degree Celsius to 15 minutes to inactivate the virus and also destroy the fruit part which is contaminated. Proper pealing and washing the fruit and hand washing is required to stop the spreading this disease. For these disease prevention is better than precaution to safe individuals from its adverse effect.
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